Despite the fact that the great colonial powers have lost a lot of weight over the last century, metropolises and colonies still exist on the modern political map of the world. Today these territories are called variously: overseas departments, overseas territories or unincorporated territories. Colonies can even have their own national flag and self-government bodies. But this does not change the meaning: the colonies and their indigenous populations are to one degree or another dependent on their metropolises and do not have political sovereignty.
In the modern world, there are more than 50 colonies, the owners of which are in no hurry to part with their overseas territories. Let's see which of the metropolises today have the largest number of colonies - dependent territories that are not officially part of the state (metropolis).
Great Britain
Little remains of the former greatness of the British Empire. Nevertheless, today Great Britain owns colonies in all key regions of the planet.
1. Europe: the island of Jersey in the English Channel, the island of Guernsey in the English Channel, the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, the city of Gibraltar in the south of the Iberian Peninsula (disputed by Spain), Akrotiri and Dhekelia - military bases on the island of Cyprus.
2. Atlantic Ocean (excluding Caribbean colonies): Bermuda, St. Helena, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha archipelago, Falkland Islands off the coast of South America (territory disputed by Argentina), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (territory disputed Argentina).
3. Caribbean Sea: Anguilla Islands, Cayman Islands (Cayman Islands), Montserrat Island, British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands.
4. Pacific Ocean: The Pitcairn Islands are five islands in the South Pacific Ocean.
5. Indian Ocean: The British Indian Ocean Territory is a group of 55 islands. The colony was formed contrary to UN decisions in 1965, and is disputed by the Seychelles and Mauritius.
France
Not so long ago, France owned vast territories in Africa and other regions of the world. Most countries have now gained independence, but France is still the owner of a large number of overseas territories, the population of which exceeds the “colonial subjects” of Great Britain.
1. South America: French Guiana with a population of 240,000 people.
2. Atlantic Ocean (excluding the colonies of the Caribbean islands): the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
3. Caribbean Sea: the island state of Guadeloupe, the island of Martinique, the island of Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin.
4. Indian Ocean: Reunion Island, Mayotte Island in the Mozambique Channel (disputed by the Comoros Islands), Amsterdam Island, Saint-Paul Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Archipelago, Eparce Islands (most of them are disputed by neighboring states).
5. Pacific Ocean: territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands, New Caledonia, French Polynesia with a population of about 280,000 people, Clipperton Island.
USA
The United States does not appear in school textbooks as a colonial empire, but today it is this state that is the largest metropolis in terms of the number of dependent population (more than 4 million people).
1. Caribbean: United States Virgin Islands, Freely Associated State of Puerto Rico - a state governed by the United States Congress and a de facto dependent state of the United States, with a population of 3.7 million people.
2. Pacific Ocean: the island of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa (Eastern Samoa), a group of 9 islands - the Minor Outer Islands, the US-associated state of the Marshall Islands.
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Today, the Netherlands only has colonies on the islands of the Caribbean. These are the island of Aruba, the island of Curacao, the state of Sint Maarten on the island of St. Martin and the Caribbean Netherlands (the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba).
Portugal
Formerly the powerful Portuguese Empire, today the country has only two overseas possessions in the Atlantic Ocean: the island of Madeira, with a population of 270,000 people, and the Azores, with a population of about 250,000 people.
Spain
Today, Spain has lost almost all of its colonial possessions; it still has several colonies located not so far from the state itself.
1. Atlantic Ocean: Canary Islands.
2. Mediterranean Sea: the cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, opposite Spain, which have the status of autonomous cities, as well as the islands of Alusemas, Chafarinas, Perejil, Alboran.
All these territories do not have political sovereignty or their own armed forces, and their security is ensured by the armies of the metropolises.
Marx, Adolf Fedorovich (1838 - 1904 gg.) - Russian book publisher. IN 1859 moved to Russia. Founder of the publishing house ( 1869 ), later - the joint-stock company “Partnership of Publishing and Printing A.F. Marx." Publisher of the illustrated magazine for family reading "Niva" ( 1870-1918 gg.). Adolf Fedorovich Marx was born February 2, 1838 in Stettin (now Szczecin), in the family of a tower clock manufacturer. After graduating from commercial school, he worked as a clerk in the book trade. IN 1859 year he moved to Russia, worked for five years with the bookseller F. Bitepage, and in 1863 moved to M.O. Wolf. IN 1864-1869 years he taught foreign languages, served as a clerk on the board of the St. Petersburg-Warsaw Railway. IN 1869 year A.F. Marx published his first books: “Statistical table of states and possessions of all parts of the world” and “Koumiss. Its physiological and therapeutic effect" by E. Stahlberg. WITH 1870 Marx published the first mass illustrated weekly magazine for family reading, Niva, which he founded and was the first in Russia. The magazine published essays of a geographical and historical nature, popular articles “on science and art,” on medical issues, etc. Translated novels and stories were published in the fiction section, and works by Russian writers were also published. Of particular interest to readers were photo correspondence about the most important world events and reproductions of paintings by outstanding artists. WITH 1871 In 2006, Marx began sending out the Parisian Fashion magazine as a supplement to Niva, and from September 1879 year began to release free applications for Niva - paintings, portraits, calendars, etc. WITH 1894 In 2010, collections of works by major Russian and foreign writers began to be systematically published as free supplements to Niva. At first, the publisher published authors whose death had passed at least 50 years - in this case, there was no need to pay royalties: for example, among such authors were D. Fonvizin, I. Koltsov, I. Polezhaev, Catherine II, etc. Later, having strengthened his financial position, Marx was able to acquire rights from heirs of the classics. This publishing policy has borne fruit: subscriptions to the magazine have increased to 250 thousand copies and, thanks to their low cost, A. F. Marx’s publications were distributed throughout the Russian provinces in unprecedented circulations. Among the company's publications are collected works and individual works by M.V., published as supplements or independently. Lomonosova, V.A. Zhukovsky, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.S. Griboyedova, N.V. Gogol, I.A. Goncharova, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.S. Turgeneva, M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrina, N.S. Leskova, A.P. Chekhova, A.A. Feta, J.B. Moliere, G. Ibsen, M. Maeterlinck and others, beautifully designed “Faust” by I.V. Goethe and “Paradise Lost” by J. Milton. Books on natural science, art, and large-format illustrated gift editions were also published - “Dead Souls” by N. V. Gogol ( 1900 ), “Fox Patrikeevich” by I. V. Goethe ( 1901 ), “History of Art” by P. P. Gnedich and others. Along with books, Marx also published cartographic publications: “Great World Desk Atlas”, “General Geographical and Statistical Pocket Atlas”, etc. 16 sheets of Marx’s Great World Desk Atlas are dedicated to the European Russia. (Based on Wikipedia).
Europe was much less diverse than it is now. There were 13 states on this territory. Most of them had colonies outside the continent. The main colonial power in the world was Great Britain. Its territories included modern Ireland. Canada, Australia and the Union of South Africa were also British dominions. Dominions had a greater degree of autonomy than colonies. In South America, Britain owned part of the territory of Guiana and several islands in the Caribbean. The African colonies of the British Empire were Nigeria, Northern Rhodesia, East Africa and the Seychelles. In Asia, Britain controlled the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the territory of modern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as Burma and part of New Guinea. Two Chinese cities - Hong Kong and Weihai - were also under direct British rule.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the British Empire reached its maximum size.
The possessions of other European countries were somewhat more modest. The countries of Southern Europe - Spain and Portugal - lost most of their possessions in South America. At the same time, France maintained colonial influence - it controlled a small territory on the coast of South America, as well as vast lands in Africa - Algeria, Morocco, West Africa, Equatorial Africa, as well as the territory of modern Vietnam in Asia. Denmark owned Iceland and Greenland. The Dutch and Belgian colonies in Africa were much more modest.
Germany's territory in Europe was smaller than what it is today, and this country had few colonies. By the beginning of the 20th century, Italy had just begun to expand its colonial possessions. On the map of Europe there were also countries without colonies at all - Austria-Hungary, Norway and Sweden.
The Russian Empire was not a colonial power in the narrow sense, but it included Poland and Finland. Their status could be compared with the British dominions, since these states had fairly broad autonomy.
The Russian Empire united several semi-independent Central Asian countries under its protectorate.
The rest of the world
There were many independent states outside of Europe at that time. There were two large independent states in North America - the USA and Mexico. All of South America was independent, with the exception of the territory of Guiana. The political map of this continent practically coincided with the modern one. In Africa, only Ethiopia and partly Egypt retained independence - it was under British protectorate, but was not a colony. In Asia, Japan was an independent and strong power - this country also owned the Korean Peninsula. China, Mongolia and Siam, while maintaining formal independence, were divided into spheres of influence of European states.
Almost all European countries, at various stages of their development, tried to increase their power and wealth by conquering and ruling colonies. The greatest successes in conquering and developing new lands were achieved by Spain, Portugal and England. Competing with them: the Netherlands, France and Germany. Even countries such as Denmark and Sweden owned their own colonies.
The reasons that moved people to equip colonial expeditions were: trade, search for gold and other minerals, search for places to live, neutralization of pirate states, building a prestigious image.
The colonial empire of France arose gradually; it would be more correct to distinguish two long historical stages:
- The first colonial empire (XVI-XVIII centuries) was built mainly by large royal trading companies, such as the French trading West India Company. During her conquests, the country acquired a large part of North America, the Caribbean islands and a large part of India, a significant part of which passed to England in 1763.
- The Second Colonial Empire (late 19th century) was built primarily to challenge the power of the British Empire, and lasted until the 1960s. It included the lands of North Africa, a substantial piece of West and Central Africa, Indochina and a significant number of islands around the world.
At the peak of its conquests, the empire reached a total area of 12.3 million square kilometers, 25 times the area of the state itself. In terms of its scale, it was second only to the capabilities of Great Britain, which added 30 million square kilometers of colonized lands.
Colonies of France on the world map
Beginning of expansion
At the initial stage, which originated in the first third of the sixteenth century, there was a military annexation of territories, which was quite obviously beneficial from a political and economic point of view, which is an indisputable historical fact, without being a real priority for the development of the country.
The early travels of the Italian-born Giovanni da Verrazano, who served in France, led to the discovery of new lands. With his light hand, his places of residence were declared the property of the crown. The discoverer Jacques Cartier made three voyages along North America at the beginning of the 16th century, marking the beginning of its exploration by France.
Fishermen enjoyed visiting the Grand Bank off Newfoundland throughout the century, marking the beginning of the history of colonial expansion in North America. In 1534, the first French colonists settled in Canada. Fishing and the search for precious metals inspired the new arrivals. Spain's zealous defense of "its" American monopoly and internal religious war at the end of the 16th century prevented proper sustained efforts to gain a foothold in the region. There were early French attempts to establish colonies in Brazil in 1555, in São Luis in 1612 and in Florida, but these too were thwarted by Portuguese and Spanish vigilance.
First colonial empire of France
The history of the empire began in 1605 with the founding of Port Royal in modern Nova Scotia, Canada. Three years later, traveler Samuel Champlain founded the French settlement of Quebec, which was to become the capital of New France, a region rich in furs. By forming beneficial alliances with various Native American tribes, the French were free to rule most of the North American continent. For the time being, areas of French settlement were limited to the valley of the St. Lawrence River. And before the creation of the Sovereign Council in 1663, the territory of New France had the status of a trading colony. But the right to govern it was transferred to the British under the Utrecht Peace Treaty of 1713.
In the seventeenth century, commercial ambitions lead to conquest in the Caribbean region. The empire was replenished with Martinique, Guadeloupe and Santo Domingo. The introduced system for extracting maximum efficiency from occupied lands in this case was based on the slave trade and slave labor in the cultivation of sugar cane and tobacco plantations. During the same period, colonists settled Senegal, Africa and Reunion in the Indian Ocean and established some dominance in India.
In parallel with the expansion of the empire in North America, the conquest of the West Indies was carried out. Settlement of the area along the South American coast, in what is now French Guiana, began in 1624, and the colony of St. Kitts was founded in 1627. Before the peace agreement with the British, the island was divided, and after that it was completely ceded.
The Insular American Company founded colonies in Guadeloupe and Martinique in 1635, and subsequently in Saint-Lucie in 1650. The plantations were developed with the help of slaves brought from Africa. Resistance from indigenous peoples led to bloody ethnic cleansing in 1660.
The French presence abroad was not convincing, and in February 1763 the Treaty of Paris, which marked the end of the Anglo-French War, forced the country to abandon its claims to Canada and its presence in Senegal.
The most profitable expansion of the Caribbean colonies occurred in 1664, with the creation of Saint-Domingue, today's Haiti. The settlement was founded on the western edge of the Spanish island of Hispaniola. By the 18th century, Haiti had become the most profitable sugar plantation in the Caribbean. The eastern half of Hispaniola was administered by the country for a short period, but was ceded to Spain after the Haitian Revolution.
Conquests were not limited to acquisitions in the New World. In 1624, the first trading posts appeared in West Africa in Senegal.
In 1664, a company was created that competed for primacy in trade in the east. Controlled lands appeared in: Chandannagar in 1673, Pondicherry, Yanaon, Mahe, Karaikal. The acquisitions formed the basis of French India. The territory of present-day Reunion in the Indian Ocean, modern Mauritius and the Seychelles in 1756 were also not ignored. Under Napoleon, Egypt was also conquered for a short period, but rule there extended only to the immediate vicinity of the Nile.
In 1699, territorial claims in North America expanded further with the founding of Louisiana in the Mississippi River basin. A wide trade network throughout the region, linked to Canada through the Great Lakes, was supported by a network of defensive fortifications centered in Illinois and what is now Arkansas.
During a series of conflicts between France and England, a significant part of the conquered empire was lost.
Second colonial wave (1830-1870)
The second French colonial epic debuted with an attack on Algeria. Under Napoleon III, bold attacks on Mexico were carried out. Napoleon controlled southern Vietnam, Cambodia and Saigon. The authorities annexed a number of Pacific islands, such as Tahiti and New Caledonia. They tried to establish themselves in Asia.
After the Franco-Prussian War, the country grew into Indochina. Using the newly annexed lands of Vietnam, Tonkin and Annam were captured in 1883, Laos and Kwan Zhou Van. The country became the second most powerful colonial power, after England.
In the mid-19th century, a concession was established in Shanghai, which existed there until 1946, and a protectorate in Tunisia by the end of the century. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with enormous efforts and 16 years of struggle, Mauritania became a colony. The crown was replenished with Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Niger, Chad, Congo and Morocco.
The last successful colonization interventions occurred at the end of the First World War.
Colonial administration
There were two ways to regulate colonies: assimilation or association. On the one hand, with assimilation, the administration in Paris dictates the laws to which the controlled lands must obey, on the other hand, the path of unification is a more flexible system. The path of association leaves the authorities, but residents do not become full citizens of the country. Despite the variety of administrative systems, the French government claims its sovereignty. Dominance is reflected at the economic level. The indigenous population is characterized by a lack of voting rights, special taxation and a lack of basic freedoms. Among other things, the European colonial structure conflicts with local culture and customs. The educational system used in the controlled territories is an effective means of instilling a European way of thinking.
Colonial Exhibition in Paris 1931
The international exposition, which opened on May 6, 1931 in Paris, can be considered a symbol of the country’s prestige and glory in the field of conquering the world. The laying of the first stone took place on November 5, 1928; construction took place over more than two years on an area of 110 hectares located around Lake Daumesnil in the east of the capital in the green forest of Vincennes. The main entrance was decorated with a golden gate, which is still preserved. The Colonial Exhibition represented all the colonies and countries under the French protectorate. For each corner of the world conquered by the country, a special pavilion was provided. Catholic and Protestant churches were represented by mission flags. About 200 buildings were occupied by large companies, restaurants and snack bars, and exotic food stores. The exhibition was complemented by a colonial museum, a tropical aquarium and a zoo. The area was decorated with majestic illuminated fountains. To move around the park, a railway was built, five and a half kilometers long, along which six stations were built. It was also possible to travel by electric vehicles. For the entertainment of visitors, 16 boats, many rowing boats and 30 boats for water attractions on the lake were purchased. The park hosted various festivals and exhibitions, among which the “Day of Colonial Tourism” occupied a special place.
The exhibition was a huge success: more than 8 million visitors, some of whom came again. The Colonial Museum taught visitors about the various stages of colonial conquest. 5 months after the opening, funding began to be cut, so the zoo, the museum of the colonies and the pagoda have survived and are popular to this day.
French colonies today
Colonization was a fairly unpopular measure, and was largely considered a waste of money and military effort. At the beginning of the twentieth century, right-wing parties opposed decolonization because they considered it too costly, and the left wing did not support its position, seeing peace, freedom and civilization in abandoning this policy. At the end of the colonial empire, the left wing advocated decolonization, while the right resisted until the civil war of 1960-1961.
Having come to power in 1936, the Popular Front lobbied for reforms designed to increase the independence of the colonies. The economic crisis of the 1930s and the Second World War led to the end of the era of conquest.
During the Brazzaville Conference in January 1944, countries worked together to develop an administrative system that would provide greater opportunities for self-determination for indigenous peoples. The first victory that marks the failure of colonial France is the declaration of independence of Lebanon and Syria in 1941, which came into force in 1943.
Having failed to organize a painless decolonization process in the middle of the last century, France experienced a difficult situation, especially in Algeria, where the war of independence lasted from 1954 to 1962 and ended practically with a civil war in France. Colonial France begins to collapse and the National Liberation Front is born, which sparks an armed uprising in Algeria. The war in Algeria was responsible for the birth of the Fifth Republic. The agreement in 1962 marked the end of the war and Algerian independence.
By the beginning of 1960, almost all former French colonies had become independent countries. Several territories remain part of France. Residents of former colonies, especially Algeria, demanded the privileged right to become citizens of the country.
Decolonization is happening in other countries as well. Tunisia became independent in 1956, African countries between 1960 and 1963. Gradually, other foreign territories also changed their status.
Belonging to the former empire became a matter of geopolitics and national pride. The older generation lives with the thought that they were lucky to live in a country that was the second largest empire and brought civilization and democracy to the peoples of nine percent of the world's surface. Decolonization, organized under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle, was approved by the majority, despite the trauma caused by the Algerian War.
Most people who obtain French citizenship today come from former colonies.
From the history of the political map of the world
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the division of the world between the great powers was basically completed. By this time, the colonial possessions of all the imperialist powers amounted to 73 million km2, i.e. more than half the area of the world, n and this territory was home to 530 million people - more than one-third of the world's population.
The largest colonial power was Great Britain. The British Empire covered almost the entire area and population of the globe. Almost half of the entire colonial world belonged to Great Britain: the Australian mainland, vast territories in Asia, Africa, America, and also in Europe. The British imperialists boasted of this and liked to say that over their empire “the sun never sets.” The area of the British Empire was 109 times greater than the area of Great Britain itself, and its population was almost 9 times.
The second largest colonial power was France. More than 8% of the entire globe with a population of 50 million people was under its domination. In Africa, it owned more than a third of the continent.
At the end of the 19th century. The imperialists of Germany, Italy and Belgium began to seize colonies. By the beginning of the 20th century. they took over an area of 5.5 million km2, mainly in Africa.
Once upon a time, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands had the largest colonies. They subsequently lost most of their overseas possessions and became minor powers themselves. However, by 1900 Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands still retained significant possessions. They accounted for almost 6% of the territory of the entire colonial world. The area of the colonies, for example, of Portugal was 21 times larger than the metropolis, and the colonies of the Netherlands - 67 times.
After the final division of the world, a struggle began for its repartition, which led to a world war.
As a result of the First World Imperialist War and the Great October Revolution in Russia, the political map of the world underwent radical changes. For the first time in history, a state of workers and peasants appeared on the map. The sushi of the globe was painted in its color - the color of the red banner.
The emergence of the world's first proletarian state marked the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism: the world split into two systems - the system of socialism and the second system of capitalism.
The defeated countries - Germany, Bulgaria, Türkiye - lost part of their territories. On the ruins of the multinational “patchwork empire” of Austria-Hungary, new states arose that were not previously on the map of Europe. Between the young Soviet Republic and Western Europe, a so-called “cordon sanitaire” was created from countries that were supposed to serve as a springboard for protests against the first socialist state.
In accordance with the Versailles system, all former German colonies in Asia, Africa and Oceania and part of the Turkish possessions in the Middle East, which were part of The largest colonial power was Great Britain. The British Empire covered almost the entire area and population of the globe. Almost half of the entire colonial world belonged to Great Britain: the Australian mainland, vast territories in Asia, Africa, America, and also in Europe. The British imperialists boasted of this and liked to say that over their empire “the sun never sets.” The area of the British Empire was 109 times greater than the area of Great Britain itself, and its population was almost 9 times.
The second largest colonial power was France. More than 8% of the entire globe with a population of 50 million people was under its domination. In Africa, it owned more than a third of the continent.
At the end of the 19th century. The imperialists of Germany, Italy and Belgium began to seize colonies. To na-
Chalu of the 20th century they took over an area of 5.5 million km2, mainly in Africa.
Once upon a time, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands had the largest colonies. They subsequently lost most of their overseas possessions and became minor powers themselves. However, by 1900 Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands still retained significant possessions. They accounted for almost 6% of the territory of the entire colonial world. The area of the colonies, for example, of Portugal was 21 times larger than the metropolis, and the colonies of the Netherlands - 67 times.
After the final division of the world, a struggle began for its redivision, which led to a world war.
As a result of the First World Imperialist War and the Great October Revolution in Russia, the political map of the world underwent radical changes. For the first time in history, a state of workers and peasants appeared on the map. The sushi of the globe was painted in its color - the color of the red banner.
The emergence of the world's first proletarian state marked the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism: the world split into two systems - the system of socialism and the system of capitalism.
The leading imperialist victorious countries tried to redraw the political map in their own interests. They divided the world in accordance with the Versailles system - a system of interconnected peaceful, but essentially predatory treaties.
The defeated countries - Germany, Bulgaria, Türkiye - lost part of their territories. On the ruins of the multinational “patchwork empire” of Austria-Hungary, new states arose that were not previously on the map of Europe. Between the young Soviet Republic and Western Europe, a so-called “cordon sanitaire” was created from countries that were supposed to serve as a springboard for protests against the first socialist state.
In accordance with the Versailles system, all former German colonies in Asia, Africa and Oceania and part of the Turkish possessions in the Middle East, which were part of the bridge, were acquired by another 18 states, 17 of which were former colonial countries in Africa.
In the next five years, 18 more colors were needed to mark new independent states on the political map of the world; 11 of them appeared in Africa, and the rest - in Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.
In 1966-1968. 10 more politically independent states were formed: in Asia, Africa and America. And in January 1969, a small Spanish colony in Africa, Ifni, gained independence.
Thus, over the last quarter century, 68 new independent states have emerged on the political map of the world. The peoples of most of them have chosen a non-capitalist path of development.
If at the beginning of the century the colonial possessions of the imperialist powers accounted for 55% of the territory and 35% of the population of the globe, then after the Second World War (1947) dependent countries and trust territories accounted for slightly more than 25% of the area and 8.5% of the population, and in 1968 the size of the colonial holdings was approximately 4.5% of the world's area and slightly more than 1% of the world's population.
The colonial system of imperialism is reaching its end. The imperialists are forced to retreat under the powerful onslaught of the people's liberation movement of colonial and dependent countries. But they do not retreat without fierce fighting and are still trying to maintain their colonial rule where possible. 1/2 of Africa is still groaning under colonial oppression. Half of this territory is under the domination of Portugal, the rest is under the domination of Spain, Great Britain, France and the reactionary racist government of the Republic of South Africa.
Small colonial possessions of France, Great Britain and Portugal still remain in Asia, America and the islands of Oceania.
The growing power of the world socialist system is a decisive force in the development of human society. In economic competition with capitalism, the world socialist system is gaining the upper hand. Thanks to the faster growth rates of industrial production of socialist countries compared to capitalist countries, especially in the post-war years, the share of socialist countries in world industrial production has increased noticeably and reached approximately 38% in 1968. Our successes inspire the working people of capitalist countries to fight for the victory of socialism, contribute development of the national liberation, anti-imperialist movement in colonial, dependent and developing countries.
Share of socialist countries in world industrial production
National flags of countries that gained independence in 1962-1968
A political map of the World
Yu.M. Vladimirov
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