Cognac “Gek-Gel” is a Russian product with Azerbaijani roots. Introduced in the 50s at Mosazervinzavod, this drink has survived to this day, despite numerous crises that befell the plant, and pleases cognac lovers with a balanced, aged taste.
Cognac with a poetic name
The tradition of winemaking in Azerbaijan dates back thousands of years. Favorable climatic conditions and the cultivation of local grape varieties made this country in the 70-80s. 20th century flagship of the USSR grape production. After the crisis period of the anti-alcohol campaign, the grape stock suffered significantly, and now Azerbaijani companies are working hard to return to their former glory. This is facilitated not only by the expansion of local production, which is aimed at creating fine wines, but also by selected grape spirits, which are sent to Moscow, where the JSC Mosazervinzavoda creates exquisite cognacs from them, including Gek-Gel.
Among the line of vintage cognacs of the Moscow plant in 1948, the fragrant and harmonious cognac “Gek-Gel” was born. Its warming sound of flowers, chocolate, and golden glow are reminiscent of sunny Azerbaijan. Cognac "Gek-Gel" is named after the "Pearl of the Caucasus" - a blue lake, as follows from the Azerbaijani language. This picturesque body of water, which the poet Samad Vurgun described as the “queen of lakes” of Azerbaijan, appears on the cognac label. The drink received a soft, balanced taste, which brought it 1 silver and 3 gold medals at international tasting competitions.
Life of Azerbaijani wines in Moscow
CJSC Mosazervinzavod went through a difficult journey: it practically went bankrupt, but was revived and became a progressive enterprise, whose effectiveness was confirmed many times by winning prizes.
Azerbaijani wines began to be bottled in Moscow when the Azvintrest wine warehouse complex was organized in 1925. During this period, most of the work involved in preparing bottles and packaging goods was done by hand. Accordingly, in order for costs to be recouped, wines were sold through a grocery chain, where wine was poured directly into customers’ containers, because glass containers were in short supply. The 70s breathed new life into production: the transportation of wine in tanks by rail began. At the same time, the technical renovation of the plant began. By 1985, the organization’s capacity was already 1,400 thousand deciliters. They produced not only vintage cognacs (Gek-Gel, Baku, Moscow, etc.), but dry and dessert wines. However, the anti-alcohol campaign also affected this developing production. A huge area of vineyards was liquidated in Azerbaijan. The Moscow plant, in order not to reduce its activities, repurposed itself to produce soft drinks.
The 1990s are a period of decline. Mosazervinzavod, which switched to a rental form of ownership and then became a limited liability company, experienced problems with the supply of raw materials and insufficient equipment. By 1997, he was virtually bankrupt. At the same time, the management of the enterprise was replaced. Bayramov Elman Bayramovich became the director, thanks to whom the glory of Gek-Gel cognac was revived again.
Revival of the success of Mosazerwinzavod
They say about Elman Bayramovic that he is a person who knows how to quickly solve problems. Of course, for Mosazerwinzavod Bayramov became an iconic figure, because he not only raised the plant to its feet, but also revived the taste of Azerbaijani cognacs for Russian and international connoisseurs of the drink. A native of Kirovabad (Ganja), he knew more than anyone else about the prospects of Azerbaijani winemaking. Elman Bayramovich served in the Soviet army, trained in Moscow, where he later worked in the police. But in 1977, Elman joined the ranks of entrepreneurs, and at the beginning of his activities, his acquaintance with the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev provided great support. Aliyev set Elman Bayramov the task of restoring the neglected enterprise and bringing Azerbaijani cognacs among the leaders in the Russian market. The head of the country needed a proven, energetic person who was not afraid of difficulties. Elman Bajramovic was the one who confidently approached this role. Under his leadership, the plant was repaired, its technical base was updated, and a hot bottling line was launched. As a result, a new batch of small-volume skates and a souvenir collection appeared.
In 1977, Mosazerwinzavod won a competition to supply its cognacs in honor of the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. In 2000, when Yuri Luzhkov visited Baku, he noted Elman Bayramov as the best head of Moscow production. Thanks to the fruitful work of the director, today the plant is becoming one of the leaders in the cognac industry, and its products have been awarded many Russian and international diplomas and awards.
“Gek-Gel” cognac is the result of the hard work of Azerbaijani winemakers who collect selected grapes, from which skillful Moscow blending specialists create an aromatic drink aged 6-8 years.
Gourmets appreciate real cognac in the Gek-Gel drink:
- use of special Azerbaijani grape varieties;
- using an old and proven drink recipe;
- 6-8 years of aging in oak barrels;
- elegant taste with hints of chocolate and oak;
- a rich bouquet of aromas of fruits, flowers and sweet spices.
One of the largest, deepest and most beautiful lakes in Azerbaijan, called Goygol, is located near the northern part of the high-mountain ridge Murovdag at the very foot of the majestic Mount Kapaz. This peak is part of the Lesser Caucasus mountain system and is its highest point.
Short description
Lake Goygol is located in the west of the country. Its total area does not exceed 0.8 square meters. km, reaches a length of 2.8 km, and a width of only 800 m. Above sea level, it rises more than 1.5 thousand m. The lake is of the drainage type and flows into the large Shamkirchay river. This reservoir belongs to the National Park of Azerbaijan, which bears the same name - Goygol.
Education and nutrition
It is worth noting that many unique reservoirs are located on the territory of a state such as Azerbaijan. Lake Goygol is a crater, formed during a large-scale earthquake that occurred back in 1139 as a result of the fall of mountain peaks. That is why the minimum depth in this reservoir is at least 25 m. The largest depression reaches 96 m. This depth determines that the temperature of the lake water, even at the height of the summer months, never rose above +19 o C.
Lake Goygol in Azerbaijan, a photo of which can be seen in the article, is fed by annual snowmelt and precipitation, as well as by inflowing small rivers, mountain and underground springs. The water here is surprisingly always quite clean and transparent, which allows you to see the bottom of the reservoir even in the deepest depressions. And perfectly mineralized water serves as an excellent aid for irrigation and drinking.
What awaits tourists?
Lake Goygol has a very interesting history, and the preserved local attractions of those times serve as a venue for excursions for visitors. From the very beginning of the 19th century, these lands went to the colonists and Germany, who on August 22, 1819 completed the construction of the current city-museum of Helenendorf (now called Hanlar). Surrounded by mountain ranges and incredible natural views, every vacationer who comes to this amazing lake resort can visit several attractions of historical significance. Tourists will be able not only to enjoy the picturesque views of the surrounding area, but also to fully experience the beauty of the cleanest air.
There are many places for tourists to visit during their holidays. For example, the beautiful and great Lutheran Church, the construction of which dates back to 1854. Several bridges of different sizes offer excellent views of unique natural landscapes and, of course, Lake Goygol itself. The ancient Temple of Gabriel, built in the mid-19th century in the small village of Shahriyar. High towers and even a mausoleum. Not to mention the sights presented by nature. In total, there are several excursion routes in this area, along which everyone can go with a guide to get acquainted with the culture, landscape, history and local flora and fauna.
Meaning and Use
For the local population, Lake Goygol, with architectural buildings from different eras spread throughout the entire area, has not only historical value, but also industrial and economic value. Irrigation is carried out precisely thanks to this source of water, starting from mid-spring and ending in late autumn.
Electricity supply to local villages is also provided by lake water. A developed tourism infrastructure, several spacious hotels for tourists and an interesting entertainment program bring considerable income to this region.
Resort area
In the most picturesque corner of Azerbaijan, there is excellent air filled with minerals, which is ideal for the treatment of respiratory tract and asthma in people. And the magnificent views delight the eye of any tourist who comes to this resort area on Lake Goygol. Hotels located in close proximity to the reservoir are always ready to accommodate guests. They offer different rooms costing from 1.5 thousand rubles per night. These are Ramada Plaza Gence, Afra Hotel, etc.
This area is truly worthy of a visit, as even famous Azerbaijani artists painted pictures from it, the lake and its surroundings are so beautiful. And world-famous poets wrote and dedicated poems to him.
Flora and fauna
The shores of the lake are covered with thick grass, alternating with small forests. In total, in the area of Lake Goygol you can see 76 varieties of trees and 347 types of herbs, including medicinal ones. Dense forest thickets hide many representatives of wild fauna: ferocious bears and wild boars, graceful roe deer and fast nimble deer and jackals, funny porcupines, badgers and even lynxes. Due to low temperatures, few people live in the lake itself, in particular trout. You can safely go fishing with a fishing rod both from the shore and on a boat, and getting a trophy won’t take long.
At some point in time, it was strictly forbidden for tourists to visit the protected area in order to protect representatives of the local flora and fauna from the harmful influences of humans. But at the moment, the territory of Lake Goygol is one of the main health resorts and resorts located in the west of the country, where lovers of a quiet holiday come from all over Europe.
To the question: What “colored” lakes do you know? given by the author Neuropathologist the best answer is the Five Flower Lakes in Jiuzhaigon National Park (China) are known to many for their clear turquoise water. The photograph clearly shows trees lying on the bottom.
This volcanic lake in Flores is given its bright turquoise color by single-celled algae and bacteria. 
Algae can change the color of lake water to the color of hot chocolate. 
Lake Blanca in Mt Baker-Snoqualmie National Park, Washington (USA). The color of the water of this lake resembles the color of sea water. 
Yamdrok Tso is translated from Tibetan as “turquoise lake”. This artificial lake, formed during the construction of a dam, is located at an altitude of more than 4500 meters above sea level in the Tibetan mountains 
Deep red lake on the Sanetsch pass in Switzerland. 
Large salt lake in Uyuni (Bolivia). The red color is caused by a large number of microscopic organisms living in the upper layer of water and the crust of salt. 
Answer from 22 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What “colored” lakes do you know?
Answer from Kairat[expert]
salty and fresh, for example Lake Balkhash is half blue and the other half green
Answer from Sit[active]
Lake Dalneye in Kamchatka
Answer from freshly salted[guru]
There are a lot of so-called “colored” lakes on the geographical map. These lakes really have the most varied, unusual shades of water: red, crimson, blue-green, blue, yellow, white and even black.
Such lakes are scattered throughout the globe. Let's name just a few of them and try to explain the reasons for their unusual coloring.
In the Carpathian Mountains near the village of Sinyak, not far from the city of Svalyava in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine, at an altitude of 700 m above sea level, Lake Sinyak is located. Sulfur compounds dissolved in it give the water an intense blue color.
There are especially many such lakes in the Caucasus Mountains. So, not far from Lake Ritsa there is a small blue lake. Another blue lake is located in the Chersky Gorge of Kabardino-Balkaria. It amazes with the bright blue-green color of the water, reminiscent of a solution of copper sulfate. This is how its waters are colored by salts of various minerals and a large amount of hydrogen sulfide, which is supplied to the lake by underground springs.
The national poet of Azerbaijan, Samed Vurgun, called Gek-Gel Lake (that is, “Blue Lake”), which is located at an altitude of 1576 m in the Asgun Gorge, “the Queen of Lakes” for its amazing picturesqueness. Small in area (0.8 sq. km.), but quite deep (93 m), it is widely known for its bright blue color. This is how its waters are colored by salts of various minerals and large amounts of hydrogen sulfide, which are supplied by numerous streams.
There are many white lakes around the globe. In Russia alone, up to 20 lakes have the name “White”. Many of them are located among forests and numerous rivers and lakes of the Vologda region. It would seem that the lake is like a lake, but when on its rather large water surface, with an area of 1125 sq. km, the wind raises the waves, it seems to be covered with white lambs. Indeed, at this time, eroding the clayey shores of the lake, the water acquires a whitish color.
On the island of Kunashir (Kuril Islands) there is a milky-white lake of even more intense color. The lake is boiling. It has been established that it is filled with a concentrated solution of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, and hot volcanic gases rise all the time from its bottom, which heat the water to a boil.
White, but not boiling, lakes are known on the Indonesian island of Java and on the Japanese islands.
In the south of European Russia, Western Siberia and Central Asia there are many lakes with purple-red water color. During sunset, they change their color somewhat and seem to resemble bowls filled with molten gold. This type of lake includes, for example, the famous salt lake of the Lower Volga region - Elton (translated from Kazakh Altyn-nur means “golden lake”).
Near Astrakhan there are “raspberry” lakes. They differ not only in color, but also in their unusual raspberry-like aroma. That is why once upon a time the salt, which was extracted from these lakes in the amount of 100 poods annually, was considered the best and was supplied exclusively to the table of Empress Catherine II. Painted in a pale pink or orange color, which, however, soon disappeared in the sun, it retained a persistent aroma of raspberries or violets. Such properties of the salt of these lakes are explained by the presence of small salt-loving red crustaceans, Artemia, in their waters. As they die and decompose, they give the salt its unique odors. These crustaceans are a favorite delicacy of flamingos.
Lakes with water from pink to bright red are also known in the sands of the Karakum desert in the Uzboy riverbed, as well as in Western Siberia. The widely known Raspberry Lake is located on the territory of the Kulunda steppe, in the south of Western Siberia. But it’s not just its color that makes it stand out among the thousands of local lakes. The fact is that in the water of this lake everything is born and grows all the time... stone. As it turned out, the water in Raspberry Lake is saturated with magnesium salts, and the underground springs that feed it contain soda. When mixed, these solutions form a mass that immediately turns to stone.
In some cases, purple bacteria are the culprits behind the pink color of water in lakes.
It's a pity that you don't have comments enabled
Answer from Shatoon[active]
Baikal is transparent :)
In winter you can stand on the ice and watch the fish swim
Answer from Condorita[guru]
Even here in Belarus there are so many colorful lakes.
There are 36 lakes with the name Beloe, for example. Of course, the water is not white, but very clean and transparent (at least it should be like that, but alas... not always anymore)
There are about 15 lakes called Chernoe - these are mostly swamp lakes with a high content of humic substances.
There are 3 lakes named Krasnoye. But the name has nothing to do with the color of the water - it means “Beautiful” from ancient Slavic. In Belarus there is another analogue of this name - Lake Chervonoye (or Prince Lake) in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region
There are 2 lakes called Blue. The water in them (in one of them - I was there) is dark blue. A lot of hydrogen sulfide (naturally a lot).
There is Lake Goluboye or Golubino.
Of course, I won’t rewrite the directory “Lakes of Belarus” (I compiled it, by the way)...
Here's more from the "web" (for a snack)
The national poet of Azerbaijan, Samad Vurgun, called the “Queen of Lakes” for its amazing picturesqueness Lake Gek-Gel (that is, “Blue Lake”), which is located at an altitude of 1576 m in the Asgun Gorge. Small in area (0.8 sq. km.), but sufficient deep (93 m), it is widely known for its bright blue color due to the salts of various minerals and the large amount of hydrogen sulfide supplied by its numerous streams.
Near Astrakhan there are “raspberry” lakes. They differ not only in color, but also in their unusual raspberry-like aroma. That is why once upon a time the salt, which was extracted from these lakes in the amount of 100 poods annually, was considered the best and was supplied exclusively to the table of Empress Catherine II. Painted in a pale pink or orange color, which, however, soon disappeared in the sun, it retained a persistent aroma of raspberries or violets. Such properties of the salt of these lakes are explained by the presence of small salt-loving red brine shrimp in their waters. As they die and decompose, they give the salt its unique odors. These crustaceans are a favorite delicacy of flamingos.
And the most colorful lake is in Australia. Its water changes color several times a year - the water is yellow, then blue, then red. And even orange, which depends on the iron content in the water. This is Topo Valley.
There are “colored” names and lakes not only here, but also in the USA and Canada
In Canada and the USA, these names sound like Black Lake (Black Lake), Brown Lake (Brown Lake), etc. Ontario, from the group of the Great North American Lakes, in the language of the Iroquois Indians - “beautiful, wonderful”.
Answer from Alyonk@[guru]
Some geographical names, although of foreign origin, also mean color when translated. For example, Cape Verde in Africa means "Cape Green", the island of Greenland - "Green Country", the Black Forest mountains, from which the Danube River originates, - "Black Forest", the Karatau Mountains in Central Asia - "Black Mountains", Mount Mont Blanc in the Alps - “White Mountain”, the Yellow River in China and Sarysu in Central Asia are “yellow”, and the Song Coy in Vietnam, the Red River and Colorado in the USA are “red” rivers, etc.
But there are especially many so-called “colored” lakes on the geographical map. These lakes really have the most varied, unusual shades of water: red, crimson, blue-green, blue, yellow, white and even black.
The national poet of Azerbaijan Samad Vurgun called the Gek-Gel lake (that is, “Blue Lake”), which is located at an altitude of 1576 m in the Asgun Gorge, “the Queen of Lakes” for its amazing picturesqueness. Small in area (0.8 sq. km.), but quite deep (93 m), it is widely known for its bright blue color. This is how its waters are colored by salts of various minerals and large amounts of hydrogen sulfide, which are supplied by numerous streams.
There are many white lakes around the globe. In Russia alone, up to 20 lakes have the name “White”. Many of them are located among the forests and numerous rivers and lakes of the Vologda region and are now part of the Volga-Baltic waterway. It would seem that the lake is like a lake, but when on its rather large water surface, with an area of 1125 sq. km, the wind raises the waves, it seems to be covered with white lambs. Indeed, at this time, eroding the clayey shores of the lake, the water acquires a whitish color.
Near Astrakhan there are “raspberry” lakes. They differ not only in color, but also in their unusual raspberry-like aroma. That is why once upon a time the salt, which was extracted from these lakes in the amount of 100 poods annually, was considered the best and was supplied exclusively to the table of Empress Catherine II. Painted in a pale pink or orange color, which, however, soon disappeared in the sun, it retained a persistent aroma of raspberries or violets. Such properties of the salt of these lakes are explained by the presence of small salt-loving red brine shrimp in their waters. As they die and decompose, they give the salt its unique odors. These crustaceans are a favorite delicacy of flamingos.
= EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES =
FORMATION AND OXIDATION OF METHANE IN MEROMICTIC
LAKE GOK-GOL (AZERBAIJAN)
© 2010 N. V. Pimenov*, 1, A. Yu. Kallistova*, I. I. Rusanov*, S. K. Yusupov*, L. Montonen**, G. Jurgens**, U. Münster* **, A. N. Nozhevnikova*, M. V. Ivanov*
*Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology named after. S.N. Vinogradsky RAS, Moscow **Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland ***Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Received by the editor on September 29, 2009.
Using radioisotope, molecular and microbiological methods, we studied the production, oxidation of methane and the diversity of cultivated aerobic methanotrophic bacteria in the water column and surface sediments of the meromictic oligotrophic lake Gek-Gel (Azerbaijan). The rate of methane oxidation was extremely low in the aerobic mixolimnion, increased sharply in the chemocline and reached a maximum at the boundary of the appearance of oxygen in the water column. In enrichment cultures isolated from the chemocline, aerobic methanotrophic bacteria of type II were identified, belonging to the genus Neutral. Methane oxidation in the anaerobic waters of the monimolimnion was much more intense than in the aerobic zone. However, deeper than 29-30 m there was an increase in methane content, which at the bottom reached a value of 68 µM. The highest rate of methane oxidation under anaerobic conditions was observed in the surface layer of bottom sediments. A significant excess of the rate of methane oxidation over its formation in surface sediments and the water column indicated a deep source of methane in this lake.
Key words: meromictic oligotrophic lake Gek-Gel, methanogenesis, methane oxidation, methanotrophic bacteria.
Meromictic lakes are important and interesting objects for the study of microbial ecology. Due to the physicochemical stability of water masses and the relatively constant vertical stratification of microbial populations, such lakes serve as a convenient model for studying the structure of microbial communities. In meromictic lakes, a noticeable increase in the abundance and biodiversity of microorganisms is usually observed in the chemocline at the boundary of the aerobic and anaerobic zones, below which stable anaerobic conditions persist. As a rule, the anaerobic zone of fresh and salty meromictic lakes is characterized by the presence of free hydrogen sulfide, the formation of which is determined by the activity of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes.
The anaerobic monimolimnion of meromictic lakes is also characterized by a high concentration of methane formed due to the vital activity of methanogenic archaea. Methane content typically decreases sharply in the chemocline, where its aerobic oxidation rates are highest, and remains low in the aerobic mixolimnion. Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria consume
1 Addressee for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]).
a significant part of the methane generated in the anaerobic zone of the lake and ensure the return of carbon to the food chain, thus preventing the emission of methane into the atmosphere. Along with aerobic oxidation of methane, in stratified lakes containing a sufficient amount of sulfate ion, a high rate of anaerobic oxidation of methane was found in the monimolimnion and the upper horizon of bottom sediments. Anaerobic oxidation of methane most likely occurs via the reverse pathway to methanogenesis, with sulfate as the final electron acceptor, and is carried out by a consortium of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Cells of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea were recorded using the CARD-FISH method in the water column of the freshwater stratified lake Plupsee. Anaerobic methane oxidation, which was independent of the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria and, the authors suggested, was carried out by a consortium of methanotrophic archaea (ANME II) and denitrifying bacteria, was found in sediments from a freshwater channel. More recently, evidence has been obtained that denitrifying bacteria are capable of anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to the reduction of nitrate to molecular nitrogen without the participation of archaea. So
Thus, according to the latest data, the existence of anaerobic oxidation of methane in the anaerobic zones of reservoirs with a low sulfate content cannot be excluded.
The meromictic oligotrophic lake Gyok-Gol is located in the Caucasus Mountains (Azerbaijan) at an altitude of 1650 m above sea level. It was formed in the 12th century in the valley of the Ag-Su River as a result of an earthquake. The surface area of the lake is 1.25 km2, the maximum depth is 92 m. The lake is characterized by pronounced temperature and chemical stratification. Free hydrogen sulfide appears from a depth of 29-30 m and in the near-bottom horizons reaches a value of 4.0-4.5 mg l-1. The content of sulfate ion in the water column of the lake varies from 30 to 50 mg l-1. Previously, in Lake Gyok-Gol, studies were carried out on the physical and chemical parameters of water, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, the number and diversity of heterotrophic, photosynthetic, iron-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacteria, as well as zooplankton. However, there is still no data in the literature on the methane cycle in this lake.
The purpose of this work was to study the methane content, the rates of its formation and oxidation in the water column and the upper layer of bottom sediments of Lake Gyok-Gol using biogeochemical methods, as well as to identify aerobic methanotrophic bacteria by obtaining enrichment cultures with their subsequent identification by molecular methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Work on Lake Gyok-Gol was carried out in September 2003 at a point with a depth of 72 m (40°24.706"M, 46°19.696"E).
Water samples were taken with a 1-liter glass bathometer, and surface sediments were taken with a limnological stratometer with a tube 4 cm in diameter and 40 cm long, made of plexiglass. Immediately after sampling, the oxygen content in the water samples was measured using the Winkler method and hydrogen sulfide using a standard set of reagents (Ldiyashegek, Germany), and samples were also taken to determine the methane content using the gas chromatographic method on a gas chromatograph (GC) KHROME 5 with a flame ionization detector.
The rate of methane production and oxidation processes in the water column and bottom sediments was measured using the radioisotope method. NaH14CO3 was used as a substrate for measuring hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis; for acetoclastic methanogenesis, 14C-acetate labeled with a methyl group was used. The rate of methane oxidation was determined with 14C-methane. When studying the water column, incubation of samples with labeled substrates was carried out for 24 hours in 30-ml penicillin bottles, sealed
but closed without an air bubble with a gas-tight butyl rubber stopper. The required incubation temperature was maintained by hanging the flasks on a nylon rope at the depth from which the corresponding sample was taken.
Bottom sediment samples were placed without air access into 5-ml plastic syringes with a cut end, closed with a gas-tight butyl rubber stopper, and incubated in a refrigerator for 24 h at a temperature of 5°C, close to the in situ temperature.
0.2 ml of aqueous solutions of 14C-bicarbonate, 14C-acetate, and 14C-methane with final radioactivity in the samples of 10, 15, and 2 μCi, respectively, was injected into the water and sediment samples with a tuberculin syringe. Sampling and measurement of the rate of sulfate reduction in lake sediments were carried out using a radioisotope method similar to determining the intensity of methane cycle processes using 35S-SO2 (final concentration in the sample 20 µCi).
Immediately after completion of incubation, the samples were fixed with 1 ml of 2 N NaOH solution and transported to the stationary laboratory of the Institute of Medical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Further processing of samples was carried out according to methods described in detail earlier.
Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria were cultivated in liquid mineral medium "P". To do this, in 20 ml bottles with 5 ml of sterile medium and 10 vol. % methane in the gas phase was added to 5 ml of lake water taken from the appropriate depth. The flasks were incubated in the dark at 20°C for 2 months. The growth of methanotrophs was assessed by the loss of introduced methane gas chromatographically on GC CHROM 5. After detecting signs of growth, the enrichment cultures were replanted every three weeks on a medium of the same composition.
Total DNA from enrichment cultures was isolated using a method based on the use of hexa-decyltrimethylammonium bromide.
PCR amplification of gene fragments encoding 16S rRNA was carried out using universal bacterial primers GC984F, 984F and 1492R. The DNA sample under study (1-3 µl) was added to the reaction mixture (30 µl) containing 0.75 µl of dNTP mixture (10 mM, Finnzymes, Finland), 1.2 µl of each primer (20 pmol µl-1), 3 µl of 10x buffer for DyNAzyme™ II DNA polymerase (Finnzymes, Finland), 0.45 μl of DyNAzyme™ II DNA polymerase (2 units μl-1, Finnzymes, Finland). PCR was carried out using an Eppendorf Master Cycler Gradient thermal cycler (Germany) according to the following program: (1) initial denaturation at 95°C for 4 min; (2) 38 cycles of denaturation (40 s at 94°C), annealing (1.5 min at 55°C) and elongation (2.5 min at 72°C); (3) final elon-
(a) O2, H2S, mmol/l 0.2 0.3 0.4
CH4, µmol/l; T°C
(b) nmol/(l day)
5 10 15 20 25 30
Rice. 1. a - temperature distribution profiles, O2, and CH4 in the water column of Lake Gyok-Gol: 1 - O2; 2 - 3 - CH4; 4 - temperature °C; b - rates of formation (1) and oxidation (2) of methane in the water column of Lake Gyok-Gol.
ation at 72°C for 15 minutes. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide (0.2 mg L-1) and visualized using a UV transilluminator.
PCR products obtained by amplification with primers GC984F and 1492R were separated by denaturing gel electrophoresis in a 6% acrylamide gel containing a linear gradient (from 30 d
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BOLDAREVA E.N., BORZENKO S.V., BRYANTSEVA I.A., BURYUKHAEV S.P., GORLENKO V.M., MATYUGINA E.B., NAMSARAEV B.B., NAMSARAEV Z.B., SOROKIN D. .YU. - 2010
IVANOV M.V., LUNINA O.N., PIMENOV N.V., PRUSAKOVA T.S., RUSANOV I.I. - 2008
One of the most beautiful lakes in Azerbaijan is Goygol. During the catastrophic earthquake, the epicenter of which was in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, huge debris from Kapaz (a three-hundred-thousand-meter peak fifty kilometers from Ganja) blocked the gorge where the Askhu River flowed. This is how Lake Goygel, a blue lake, was formed.
His birth was subsequently sung by Nizami in his works. He visited Gey-Gel and could not help but be inspired by the poetic beauty of these places. Mountains covered with mighty forests, like palms, engulfed the crystal-blue bowl of Gay-gel. If you climb along the picturesque piles of rocks, going around the corner of a blue lake that stretches several kilometers deep, you can get to a rise with a pure beech forest and thickets of viburnum, euonymus and rose hips.
Goygol (Azerbaijani: Göygöl) - one of the mountain lakes of Transcaucasia - is located at the foot of Mount Kapaz, in the gorge of the Agsu River. The lake was formed as a result of a devastating earthquake that occurred on September 17, 1138, as a result of which the top of Mount Kapaz collapsed into the gorge of the Agsu River. The resulting dam is Lake Goygol.
The lake is located in the Goygol Nature Reserve, created in 1965 with the aim of preserving the integrity of nature and wildlife. Visiting these places is included in numerous tourist routes in the South Caucasus. Goygol and its surroundings are also a recreation area for the residents of Azerbaijan; their air is healing for people suffering from diseases of the respiratory tract and nervous system.
The fish fauna of Lake Goygol consists only of trout, which feeds mainly on amphipods and dragonfly larvae. The lake's importance is limited to sport fishing.
Goygol resort attracts tourists with excellent climatic conditions - fresh and clean air, crystal, cool water of Lake Goygol, unique healing properties of mountain air and climate..
Goygol Nature Reserve
The Goygol Nature Reserve is located in the southwest of the country. Founded in 1925, area 7.1 thousand hectares. Protects the natural complexes of mountain broad-leaved forests and subalpine meadows on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus, the unique grove of relict Ellar pine and yew trees, as well as the high-mountain Lake Goygol.
The flora of the Goygol Nature Reserve includes more than 400 plant species. The fauna includes more than 30 species of mammals (bezoar goat, Caucasian tur, Caucasian red deer, roe deer, brown bear, wolf, pine marten, badger, weasel, brown hare, squirrel, dormouse and others), as well as about 50 species birds, among which, in addition to forest birds, there are inhabitants of the alpine and subalpine zones - alpine accentor, mountain bunting, Caspian snowcock, mountain pipit, rock partridge, red-capped finch, mountain redpoll.
The reserve is also home to 8 species of amphibians and reptiles, and in Lake Goygol there is a special subspecies of lake trout - Goygol trout.
