Principality of Liechtenstein, state in the Center. Europe. Formed in 1719 on lands that were in 1699-1712. acquired by the Austrian prince. Hans Adam Liechtenstein, and named after his last name. Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary... Geographical encyclopedia
LICHTENSTEIN- (Liechtenstein), Principality of Liechtenstein (Furstentum Liechtenstein), state in the Center. Europe. Pl. 157 km2. Us. 26.1 t.h. (1982). Capital Vaduz (approx. 4.5 t. zh., 1982). The Principality of Lithuania was formed in 1719. As part of us. Liechtensteiners predominate 17 thousand... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Liechtenstein- noun, number of synonyms: 1 country (281) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
Liechtenstein- (Liechtenstein), a state (principality) in Central Europe, between Switzerland and Austria. 157 km2. Population 31.4 thousand people (1996), mainly Liechtensteiners. The official language is German. The majority of believers are Catholics. Administratively... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Liechtenstein- Government structure Legal system Judicial system. Control authorities Literature State in Central Europe, located between Switzerland and Austria. Territory 160 sq. km. The capital is Vaduz. Population 31 thousand people. (1998).… … Legal systems of the countries of the world. Encyclopedic reference book
Liechtenstein- (Liechtenstein) Principality of Liechtenstein, a state in Central Europe, on the right bank of the river. Rhine between Austria and Switzerland, Area 157 km2. Population 22 thousand people (1972), mainly Austrians and Germans by origin... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
LICHTENSTEIN- The Principality of Liechtenstein, a state in Central Europe. Area 160 sq. km. Located between the Austrian state of Vorarlberg and the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Grisons. Two natural areas stand out: the narrow fertile Rhine valley and... ... Collier's Encyclopedia
Liechtenstein R.- Roy Lichtenstein Birth name: Roy Fox Lichtenstein Date of birth: October 27, 1923 Place of birth ... Wikipedia
Liechtenstein- Lichtenschein. Farmer's daughter. LICHTENSTEIN (Principality of Liechtenstein), a state in Central Europe, in the Alps, in the upper Rhine basin, between Switzerland and Austria. Area 157 km2. Population 30.1 thousand people; Liechtensteiners (63%), Swiss (16%)… Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
LICHTENSTEIN- (Liechtenstein) state in the Center. Europe between Austria and Switzerland, on the right bank of the Rhine. Area 157 km2. Us. 18 vol. (1963), speaks the Alpine dialect of German. language The majority of believers are Catholics. Capital L. Vaduz (3 t. zh.). L. kn.,... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Books
- There will be three of us... Kazimir Malevich. Ilya Chashnik. Nikolay Suetin. Paintings and graphics from the collection of the Sepherot Foundation (Liechtenstein), Tatyana Goryacheva. Exhibition "... There will be three of us..." Kazimir Malevich. Ilya Chashnik. Nikolay Suetin Painting and from the collection of SEPHEROT Foundation (Liechtenstein)", opening in the State Tretyakov... Buy for 1949 rubles
- Equilibrium random processes theory practice infobusiness, Lichtenstein V., Ross G.. The book provides a presentation of the theory that explains and allows one to apply in practice a phenomenon of Nature discovered by the authors: equilibrium random processes. Based on the theory of RSPs,...
Considered January 23, 1719. A Principality was formed on the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. The state became completely independent on July 12, 1806. But, Difficult history of Liechtenstein, as an independent state, begins with its entry into the Union of the Rhine (1806-1814), which was under a French protectorate.
After story tells that the principality joined the German Confederation and was in it from 1815 to 1866. During the years 1876-1918, Liechtenstein came under the political and economic influence of the Austrian Empire. After the end of the First World War, the country entered into a monetary and customs union with its neighbor Switzerland in 1924. Liechtenstein was a neutral state during the war, which had a beneficial effect on its subsequent economic development. And, undoubtedly, an important factor was geography of Liechtenstein, which, of course, played an important role in the history of the country.
Capital of Liechtenstein
The capital of the Principality is the city of Vaduz, which is located at the very headwaters of the largest river in Western Europe - the Rhine. The national parliament is located in Vaduz. Capital of Liechtenstein, according to the 2009 census, has a population of approximately 5,100 people. Despite the fact that Vaduz is the capital, the largest city in the country is Schaan.
Population of Liechtenstein
It consists largely of German-speaking residents. Population of Liechtenstein is just over 36,000 people (2012) with an average density of 229.66 inhabitants/sq. km. In terms of the number of residents, the Principality of Liechtenstein is one of the last in Europe. Behind him are only San Marino, Monaco and the Vatican.
State of Liechtenstein
The country is a principality with a unitary form of government. State of Liechtenstein consists of two parts: Upper Liechtenstein - Oberland, and Lower Liechtenstein - Unterland. The head of the country is the prince. The legislative branch is represented by a unicameral parliament, the Landtag, consisting of 25 deputies.
Politics of Liechtenstein
First of all, the country is focused on preserving its individuality, especially in terms of culture. Simultaneously Liechtenstein politics is aimed at closer ties with the cultures of other countries, which is of increasing importance in the context of close European cooperation and rapprochement.
Language of Liechtenstein
Basic Liechtenstein language– German, represented by the local dialect. French and English are often used, especially in trade and tourism. Since migration flows in Europe have been expanding in recent years, Turkish and Italian can be heard more and more often, but this only applies to everyday communication.
In its upper reaches, at the foot of the Retikon ridge. The city is surrounded by gardens and vineyards. Almost all the main attractions of Vaduz fit on the main street of Städle, which ends with a rather steep climb up the mountain to the princely castle. There are several convenient routes for walking, rollerblading and cycling, and the Malbun ski resort is 17 km from the capital.
Story
The Principality of Liechtenstein joined the Schengen area only recently, four years later than Switzerland, although relations of free association (a form of confederation) exist between them. The complete abolition of border controls was previously delayed several times due to protests from Germany and Switzerland, which argued that Liechtenstein was not doing enough to combat tax evasion. Now this curious corner of Europe, which until recently had the highest level of income per capita, has become even more accessible. The most interesting place to visit is the capital city of Vaduz - the permanent residence of the princely family since 1939.
The history of Vaduz is older than the history of the principality, formed by decree of Charles VI and named after the owner’s surname in 1719. Vaduz is a word of ancient Romansh origin, going back to the Latin “aqueduct”, or from “waldutz” - from the phrase “German valley” (“vallis”) " - Latin "valley", "dutz" - Old High German "German"). After the conquest of the lands of the Rhaetians (Celtic “highlanders”) by the Romans in 15 AD. e. the province of Raetia was formed here. In 536 the Franks invaded here, and until the 10th century. the territory was part of the Frankish kingdom. Since then, German has become the main language in the region. In the Middle Ages, the lands of the future Liechtenstein - the feud of Vaduz (first mentioned in 1150, construction of the castle of the Count of Werdenberg - 1300) and Schellenberg were part of the Duchy of Swabia, part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation - from 1342.
Special privileges, including sovereignty and the collection of taxes, were granted to Vaduz in 1507 by Emperor Maximilian I, and in 1592 Emperor Rudolf II, also a Habsburg, granted the city the right to free trade. This fief was bought from its original owner by Baron Brandis of Emmenthal, then passed to Count Sulz of Baden Klettgau, later bought by Count Hohenems of Vorarlberg, and finally it went to the ancient, rich and influential family of Liechtenstein.
In 1699, Hans-Adam I of Liechtenstein bought the possession of Schellenberg from the impoverished Hohenems family, and in 1712 - Vaduz. These two tiny fiefs, whose overlord was the emperor, were necessary for the Liechtensteins to obtain a seat in the Reichstag, since their other possessions were not directly subordinate to the empire and did not give the right to enter the Council of Princes. As a result, in 1719, the fifth Count of Liechtenstein, Anton Florian, finally became a member of the Reichstag.
Historically, Liechtenstein was closely associated with Austria, which represented its foreign policy interests, and after the defeat of Austria-Hungary in the First World War, the small principality entered into an alliance with another neighbor - Switzerland. The principality never had its own currency.
What is noteworthy is that until 1842, not a single head of the family had ever visited the Alpine possessions, constantly living either in the family castle of Feldsberg in the territory of the present Czech Republic, or in the city and suburban Viennese palaces. The first in the family who, after inheriting the princely title, lived permanently on the territory of his state (from 1939 to 1989) was the fourteenth Prince of Liechtenstein, Franz Joseph II. When he was succeeded by the current head of the country, Hans Adam II, the Landtag tried to limit the powers of the monarch to purely representative functions, but the monarch threatened in this case to move to Vienna and sell the castle. As a result, according to the results of the 2003 referendum, the prince’s powers were even expanded.
The tiny territory of Vaduz hides many treasures. Some can only be guessed at, the rest are in full view: a princely palace on a hill visible from any point, serpentine walking routes and ski resorts on the Retikon alpine ridge, gardens, vineyards and pastures, museums and hotels.
Even the first owner of Vaduz, Prince Anton Florian, skillfully handled finances: in 1703-1711. he served as chief treasurer and prime minister at the court of Charles VI.
After the association with Switzerland in 1920, a special princely bank arose in the dwarf state - Liechtenstein Global Trust. The reigning fifteenth Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans Adam II, clearly inherited the family entrepreneurial spirit, receiving an excellent education in business and economics starting in the 1970s. he raised his compact principality-corporation to its current high standard of living. True, behind the scenes the principality was called a “European launderette” for laundering dirty money, but in 2000 inspections were carried out, with the dismissal of a number of officials and bank employees, it was forbidden to open anonymous accounts and henceforth they promised to take a more strict approach to the banking control system.
They say that almost every second able-bodied resident of Vaduz is employed in the financial and investment sphere. There are statistics for the country as a whole: 43% of workers are employed in the industrial sector, 55% in the service sector, and less than 2% in agriculture. As you can see, the economy of the principality is built not only on banks and beautiful ski resorts, but also on developed industry. Local residents have long been engaged in crafts (ceramics, textiles, winemaking, etc.), to which today have been added numerous small high-tech industries of metalworking, precision instrument making, optics... There is enough work, moreover, not enough workers: about a third of employees come from neighboring Austria, Switzerland and Germany, fortunately it’s not far away.
It must be said that before, the dwarf state more than once found itself in dire financial straits, and the princes had to improve matters by selling one of the masterpieces of their famous painting collection. The private collection of the Liechtenstein princes (about 1,500 paintings make up about a sixth of the family fortune of $3.2 billion), replenished from generation to generation, is represented by paintings by Van Dyck, Rubens and other Renaissance masters. Most of the collection is located in the princely castle of Vaduz, part of it is in the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna. Tourists are not allowed to enter Vaduz Castle, but visits to the Vienna Museum by organized groups are possible by appointment. But this does not mean that the paintings are completely inaccessible to the general public: from time to time they can be seen in the best museums in the world. Thus, in 2009, the Liechtenstein collection was exhibited in Moscow at the Pushkin Museum. Pushkin.
The castle towers over the city, leading to it are the streets of Oylestraße and Städle. Only the most stubborn get to the very top, mainly for the sake of the observation deck overlooking small Vaduz and the greenery. For others, there is the Citytrain tourist bus, which runs through all the main attractions on its route, located mainly on the semicircular Städle street that runs around the hill: it is worth mentioning the ancient hotel Gasthof Leuven, the Gothic chapel of St. Anne and the parish church of St. Florian in the neo-Gothic style, English the house where part of the princely collection of paintings is exhibited, the Art Museum, and the city hall. On the same street are the boards of companies, joint stock companies, Bank Liechtenstein and other banks. Standing apart in the middle of its own vineyards is a private estate with the historical “Red House”. But otherwise, this is a typical alpine town, nothing particularly remarkable, but comfortable for life, well-groomed, with a lot of flowers on the balconies and dozens of avant-garde sculptures on the sidewalks and in squares.
general information
Location: on the right bank of the Rhine (in the upper reaches), at the foot of the Retikon ridge (Eastern Alps).Official status: the capital of Liechtenstein since 1719, since 1939 - the residence of the princely house of Liechtenstein.
First mention: 1150 g
Time of foundation of the city: 1300 g
Reign of the Princely House of Liechtenstein- since 1712
Historical names: Faduz, Vadutz (XII century).
Languages: German, in everyday life - the Liechtenstein dialect of German; Italian.
Ethnic composition: Liechtensteiners (Alemannics) - 65.6% (2000), also Italians, Swiss and Austrians.
Religion: Christianity (Catholicism - 76%, Protestantism - 7%), others - outside of religion.
Currency unit: Swiss frank.
Mountain range: Retikon (Eastern Alps).
Largest river: Rhine.
Numbers
Area: 17.3 km2.
Population: 5341 people. (2011).
Population density: 309 people/km 2 .
Center height: 460 m above sea level.
Climate and weather
Moderate continental, alpine.Average January temperature: 0°C.
Average temperature in July: +19°С.
Average annual precipitation: 950 mm.
Economy
Liechtenstein is a prosperous industrial country with a developed financial services sector and a high standard of living. The industry is almost entirely export-oriented.GDP per capita: $141,000 (2012).
Industry: metalworking, precision instrument making, optics, production of vacuum equipment, electronic systems, microprocessors; food and flavoring (in particular, the production of canned food and wine), textile, ceramic and pharmaceutical industries.
Traditional crafts; release of collectible postage stamps.
Service sector: financial (banking, investment; more than 70,000 registered foreign “mailbox” companies provide about 30% of state budget revenues), tourism (especially skiing).
Attractions
■ Herberweg Park, Haberfield Park, walking routes along the Retikon ridge.■ Ruins of Shalun Castle, or “Wild Castle” (XII century).
■ Vaduz Castle (the estimated beginning of construction is the 12th century, the oldest surviving buildings date back to 1287-1300).
■ “Red House” (first mentioned in 1338).
■ The historic inn Gasthof-Leuven (1388).
■ House of the composer Joseph Gabriel von Rheinberger (16th century).
■ Gothic Chapel of St. Anne (XV century) and Cathedral of St. Florin (1874).
■ Old Bridge over the Rhine (1901).
■ Government Building (1905).
■ Town Hall (1933).
■ Landtag building (2008).
■ Liechtenstein State Museum.
■ Liechtenstein Art Museum.
■ Postal Museum of the Principality of Liechtenstein.
■ Art gallery in the English building.
■ Museum of skiing and winter sports.
■ Opera House, University of Liechtenstein.
Curious facts
■ Leonardo da Vinci’s “Portrait of Ginevra de Benci” was considered the pearl of the princely collection of one and a half thousand paintings by world famous masters. Now this is the only Leonardo painting kept outside of Europe: in 1967 it was sold to the Washington National Museum of Art for a fabulous $5 million in those years to improve the family’s affairs, which had been shaken by the war.■ In the 16th century. The Liechtensteins stood at the head of the Lutherans in Bohemia. The Habsburgs owed them a loan of half a million guilders, which was paid off with land grants in Bohemia. In 1599, the head of the baronial family, Karl von Liechtenstein, returned to Catholicism, and during the Thirty Years' War he supported the Habsburgs as contenders for the Bohemian throne. For his loyalty, he was promoted to imperial prince in 1607.
Principality of Liechtenstein, whose area is only 160 square meters. km, and the population is about 32 thousand people, located in Western Europe between Austria and Switzerland. Historically divided into 2 parts: Oberland, where it is located Vaduz, capital of Liechtenstein, and Unterland with its center in the city of Schellenberg.
These territories have been around since 15 BC. were part of the ancient Roman province of Raetia, then in 536 they were captured by the Franks. After the collapse of the East Frankish Kingdom in 911, they, as part of the Duchy of Swabia, came under the jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire.
At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, the lands of Vaduz and Schellenberg (which by that time had imperial privileges in the form of sovereignty and independent collection of taxes) were purchased by the Austrian family of Liechtenstein. In 1719, the head of this family became a prince, and a principality appeared on the map of Europe. Liechtenstein. Since 1815 it has been a member of the German Confederation, and in 1866 it finally becomes an independent state.
Vaduz - capital of Liechtenstein
The Liechtenstein family settled in Vaduz Castle, around which the city of the same name became the capital of the principality. This castle was founded in the 12th century on a high hill in the upper Rhine as a powerful defensive structure. In the Middle Ages, the chapel of St. Anna, which became the decoration of the architectural ensemble.
After purchasing Vaduz, the Liechtensteins did not immediately begin to live in it, but turned it into an inn. At the end of the 19th century, Prince Johann II carried out a thorough reconstruction of the castle and turned it into a family “nest”.
During the Second World War, representatives of many royal dynasties took refuge in Vaduz, and the castle at that time was “a large communal apartment for the European nobility.” It now continues to serve as the official residence of the Prince of Liechtenstein and is closed to the public.
and the government moved into their former one, decorated with frescoes and coats of arms of the Liechtenstein family.
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According to the good European tradition, the city government of Vaduz is located in the Town Hall. It was built in 1932-1933 in a pseudo-historical architectural style, construction costs exceeded plans, and the city council was forced to engage in business for 50 years, renting out part of the building.
In 1984, the last such lease ended (with the bankers who ran the currency exchange office here), and the entire building finally became the property of the Vaduz commune. The Town Hall looks rather modest, its facade is decorated with frescoes, one of which is a kind of landmark: it depicts the god of wine Urban in the guise of the Pope.
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What to see in Liechtenstein Another thing is, of course, the Red House, which can be seen from anywhere in Vaduz. It was built in the first half of the 14th century for the monastic order of St. John, whose novices grew grapes and were engaged in winemaking. He was nicknamed Red because one of his buildings was made of bricks of the corresponding color. A high tower was attached to it, inside of which there was a huge millstone made of bog oak. This device was used to crush grapes to obtain raw materials for wine production.
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During the Reformation, the monastery was abolished, but the house continued to fulfill its original function, despite the change of owners. The current owner, from the Rheinberg family of winemakers, carried out the reconstruction of the Red House, which turned it into a small medieval castle, which became the decoration of the capital of Liechtenstein.
Mountain Principality
This is the second name country Liechtenstein received due to the fact that 70% of its territory is located on the spurs of the Alps. It is no coincidence that the visiting card of the principality is a natural landmark - the Three Sisters Mountain (Dray Schwister). It serves as the border between Triesen and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
The mountain got its name because of its three peaks, the highest of which reaches 2053 m. These places are chosen by climbers, but there are also tourist routes along which you can also climb and appreciate the magnificent views of the small principality from a bird's eye view.
A 1-hour walk from Triesen is the famous Echsnerberg trail, which connects the towns of Schellenberg and Bendern. Its length is 15 kilometers, and along this entire path you can admire the sights of Liechtenstein: snow-capped alpine peaks, green forests and valleys where cozy toy villages stand.
Castle Gutenberg
Another “mountainous” attraction of the principality is Gutenberg Castle, located on the border with Switzerland. The first mention of it as an impregnable citadel dates back to 1263. For a short time it belonged to Baron Frauenberg, and in 1324 it came into the possession of the all-powerful Habsburgs for almost 500 years.
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During this time, the castle was repeatedly destroyed due to fires and military operations; it was restored, but by the end of the 18th century it finally fell into disrepair. In 1824, Gutenberg was bought by the Liechtenstein commune of Balzers, and by 1910 it was recreated in its original form. For a short time there was a restaurant in the castle, but the authorities soon closed it. In 2000, Gutenberg underwent a thorough restoration; since then the city has held public events there, but the castle is closed to public visits.
Temples of Liechtenstein
The main temple of the principality is located a little away from other attractions of its capital. It was founded in 1868 and 5 years later it opened its doors to parishioners. It was originally a parish church named after St. Florin, who had the magical gift of turning water into wine. This saint never visited Vaduz, but since winemaking has always been held in high esteem in Liechtenstein, it is not surprising that the church was named after him.
And when, 130 years later, Pope John Paul II founded the diocese of Vaduz, it was the churches of St. Florina had the honor of becoming a cathedral. Its appearance is very modest, there are no excesses either in the external or in the internal appearance, but it fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.
and the items of church utensils preserved from the old temple were placed in the Liechtenstein State Museum.
Museums in Liechtenstein
The State Museum presents all history of Liechtenstein, starting from archaeological finds of the Neolithic era and ending with the New Age. There is a rich collection of folk crafts, knightly armor and weapons, jewelry and numismatics. At first, the museum was located in Vaduz Castle, after it was transformed into a princely residence, it began a nomadic life and only in 1972 found refuge in the building of the former tavern “At the Eagle”.
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Its branch is the Liechtenstein Postal Museum. Liechtenstein Post was established in 1920, and a year later it entered the Swiss postal network, continuing to print its own stamps, which were of high quality, varied subject matter, but were produced in limited editions. To preserve this unique stamp collection, in 1930 it was decided to organize a museum.
It did not have a permanent premises until 2002, when the “House of the English” in the center of Vaduz was given over to its exhibition.
And the whole of Liechtenstein could easily fit on an elegant, tiny postage stamp.
